Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (2024)

Euro indicators 15 April 2024 Next release: 15 May 2024

February 2024 compared with January 2024

Skip to the content

Down by 6.4% in the euro area and by 5.4% in the EU compared with February 2023

Overview

In February 2024, compared with January 2024, seasonally adjusted industrial production increased by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU, according to first estimates from Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. In January 2024, industrial production fell by 3.0% in the euro area and by 2.7% in the EU.

In February 2024, compared with February 2023, industrial production decreased by 6.4% in the euro area and by 5.4% in the EU.

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (1)

Monthly comparison by main industrial grouping and by Member State

In the euro area in February 2024 compared with January 2024, industrial production

  • increased by 0.5% for intermediate goods,

  • decreased by 3.0% for energy,

  • increased by 1.2% for capital goods,

  • increased by 1.4% for durable consumer goods,

  • decreased by 0.9% for non-durable consumer goods.

In the EU, industrial production

  • increased by 0.9% for intermediate goods,

  • decreased by 3.3% for energy,

  • increased by 1.0% for capital goods,

  • increased by 1.7% for durable consumer goods,

  • decreased by 0.5% for non-durable consumer goods.

The highest monthly increases were recorded in Ireland (+3.8%), Hungary (+3.5%) and Slovenia (+3.3%). The largest decreases were observed in Croatia (-4.6%), Lithuania (-3.0%) and Belgium (-2.7%).

Annual comparison by main industrial grouping and by Member State

In the euro area in February 2024, compared with February 2023, industrial production

In the EU, industrial production

  • decreased by 2.5% for intermediate goods,

  • decreased by 3.5% for energy,

  • decreased by 7.5% for capital goods,

  • decreased by 3.9% for durable consumer goods,

  • decreased by 4.7% for non-durable consumer goods.

The largest annual decreases were recorded in Ireland (-36.0%), Belgium (-12.7%) and Bulgaria (-8.4%). The highest increases were observed in Spain (+3.5%), Slovenia (+2.8%) and Denmark (+2.7%).

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (2)

Tables

Industrial production

% change compared with previous month*

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

Total industry

-0.6

-0.5

0.3

1.6

-3.0

0.8

Intermediate goods

-0.1

-0.5

-0.7

-1.3

2.3

0.5

Energy

-1.6

1.1

2.1

0.8

0.4

-3.0

Capital goods

0.2

-0.8

0.5

11.6

-15.5

1.2

Durable consumer goods

-2.9

0.1

-1.7

0.4

-1.2

1.4

Non-durable consumer goods

-0.7

-0.9

3.0

-1.0

-0.2

-0.9

EU

Total industry

-0.7

-0.1

0.3

1.5

-2.7

0.7

Intermediate goods

-0.2

-0.4

-0.8

-0.7

1.4

0.9

Energy

-1.5

1.8

1.5

0.9

0.3

-3.3

Capital goods

0.3

-0.5

0.3

10.3

-13.6

1.0

Durable consumer goods

-2.7

0.1

-1.7

0.6

-1.0

1.7

Non-durable consumer goods

-0.5

-0.4

2.9

-0.9

-0.6

-0.5

* Calendar and seasonally adjusted

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (3)

Industrial production

% change compared with previous month*

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

-0.6

-0.5

0.3

1.6

-3.0

0.8

EU

-0.7

-0.1

0.3

1.5

-2.7

0.7

Belgium

-0.9

5.1

-4.2

5.0

-5.1

-2.7

Bulgaria

-2.1

1.9

-4.4

4.0

-4.1

0.0

Czechia

-1.6

3.0

-1.4

2.8

-2.8

1.9

Denmark

-0.7

4.8

3.7

0.2

-3.2

1.0

Germany

-1.1

0.0

0.1

-1.8

1.0

1.1

Estonia

-3.3

0.0

2.8

5.1

-5.4

1.0

Ireland**

-2.5

-7.0

7.3

19.9

-26.9

3.8

Greece

-2.1

6.1

-4.1

0.9

3.4

-2.1

Spain

0.9

0.5

0.5

-0.8

1.0

1.3

France

-0.3

-0.5

0.6

0.2

-0.8

0.2

Croatia

3.6

-0.9

2.1

-4.0

0.0

-4.6

Italy

0.2

-0.1

-1.3

1.1

-1.4

0.1

Cyprus

1.3

-0.8

0.4

0.5

-0.7

0.2

Latvia

2.4

-0.4

-1.7

1.4

-2.7

2.9

Lithuania

1.1

-3.7

-0.1

-2.6

3.9

-3.0

Luxembourg

-2.7

3.0

-1.0

1.2

-2.6

-0.9

Hungary

1.7

0.2

-2.7

0.5

-1.1

3.5

Malta

1.6

-2.9

2.6

5.1

-9.1

2.1

Netherlands

-1.2

-1.0

0.1

3.5

-3.5

0.8

Austria

0.4

-1.4

-1.8

2.3

-1.9

0.5

Poland

0.5

0.7

-0.4

0.2

0.5

0.0

Portugal

-2.9

3.2

4.3

-1.1

1.4

0.4

Romania

1.7

-2.3

-0.2

1.6

-3.4

2.7

Slovenia

5.6

0.1

3.6

-7.9

7.4

3.3

Slovakia

-1.7

2.2

-3.0

4.0

-2.8

0.4

Finland

-1.0

0.6

-0.2

-3.1

4.1

-0.3

Sweden

-2.2

1.8

-0.6

1.3

0.0

-0.8

Norway

-12.4

12.4

2.5

1.4

2.2

-4.3

Switzerland

2.2

-1.2

-4.8

5.6

:

:

* Calendar and seasonally adjusted

**CSO Ireland is carrying out a review of the seasonal adjustment methodology for industrial production.

: Data not available

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (4)

Industrial production

% change compared with same month of the previous year*

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

Total industry

-6.8

-6.2

-5.2

0.2

-6.6

-6.4

Intermediate goods

-4.9

-4.3

-5.7

-3.4

-2.9

-2.7

Energy

-7.5

-1.2

0.8

-1.6

0.2

-3.6

Capital goods

-6.2

-6.4

-4.7

4.7

-11.3

-8.9

Durable consumer goods

-5.2

-4.0

-5.5

-3.1

-7.2

-4.3

Non-durable consumer goods

-5.8

-8.3

-7.1

-5.3

-3.9

-6.1

EU

Total industry

-6.1

-4.9

-4.3

0.3

-5.6

-5.4

Intermediate goods

-5.0

-4.5

-5.8

-3.5

-3.4

-2.5

Energy

-6.9

0.0

0.7

-0.8

0.4

-3.5

Capital goods

-5.3

-5.0

-3.8

4.5

-9.5

-7.5

Durable consumer goods

-6.4

-5.1

-6.2

-4.2

-7.2

-3.9

Non-durable consumer goods

-3.9

-5.8

-4.4

-3.0

-2.1

-4.7

* Calendar adjusted

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (5)

Industrial production

% change compared with same month of the previous year*

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

-6.8

-6.2

-5.2

0.2

-6.6

-6.4

EU

-6.1

-4.9

-4.3

0.3

-5.6

-5.4

Belgium

-16.0

-9.3

-15.0

-5.1

-6.1

-12.7

Bulgaria

-10.6

-5.2

-12.0

-5.4

-9.2

-8.4

Czechia

-4.8

1.1

-2.8

-0.5

-0.4

0.7

Denmark

1.2

10.6

12.2

8.6

6.2

2.7

Germany

-4.8

-3.8

-4.8

-4.3

-5.2

-6.1

Estonia

-13.7

-12.7

-5.9

-3.0

-7.4

-5.6

Ireland

-26.9

-34.1

-19.9

36.0

-32.1

-36.0

Greece

1.8

10.7

3.3

4.6

10.5

1.5

Spain

-2.7

-1.4

0.2

-2.0

0.5

3.5

France

-0.2

2.9

1.4

0.4

1.1

-0.8

Croatia

1.6

1.0

4.7

-1.0

-1.3

-5.7

Italy

-1.7

-0.7

-2.4

-1.6

-3.7

-3.1

Cyprus

4.7

3.1

1.6

2.7

1.6

1.0

Latvia

0.0

-0.8

-6.1

-1.2

-5.0

-0.2

Lithuania

-1.0

-3.4

-3.5

-5.1

-0.3

-1.2

Luxembourg

-10.0

-3.7

-5.2

-1.4

-4.3

-7.8

Hungary

-6.1

-2.0

-5.2

-7.4

-4.1

1.3

Malta

2.2

0.0

4.2

7.2

-5.5

-5.1

Netherlands

-4.4

-3.9

-3.8

-1.3

-3.2

-2.0

Austria

-0.9

-2.6

-5.7

-1.4

-4.7

-5.2

Poland

-0.8

1.6

-0.9

-0.5

1.0

1.2

Portugal

-6.0

-1.2

-0.7

-4.5

-1.5

0.7

Romania

0.0

-2.0

-2.5

1.0

-4.1

-2.0

Slovenia

-7.7

-2.2

-2.7

-11.2

-3.5

2.8

Slovakia

2.8

8.3

1.9

4.9

3.5

0.0

Finland

-3.5

-0.2

0.3

-7.8

-0.8

1.3

Sweden

-4.1

0.2

3.4

2.8

-0.9

-2.7

Norway

-15.1

-1.5

2.5

7.7

8.3

1.9

Switzerland

1.4

0.8

-1.2

-0.3

:

:

* Calendar adjusted

: Data not available

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (6)

Production indices for total industry, calendar and seasonally adjusted

(base year 2021)

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

98.2

97.7

98.0

99.6

96.6

97.4

EU

99.3

99.2

99.5

101.0

98.3

99.0

Belgium

87.5

92.0

88.1

92.5

87.8

85.4

Bulgaria

101.4

103.3

98.8

102.8

98.6

98.6

Czechia

98.3

101.2

99.8

102.6

99.7

101.6

Denmark

119.2

124.9

129.5

129.7

125.6

126.8

Germany

94.9

94.9

95.0

93.3

94.2

95.2

Estonia

85.6

85.6

88.0

92.5

87.5

88.4

Ireland*

103.6

96.3

103.3

123.9

90.6

94.0

Greece

103.7

110.0

105.5

106.5

110.1

107.8

Spain

100.9

101.4

101.9

101.1

102.1

103.4

France

100.8

100.3

100.9

101.1

100.3

100.5

Croatia

102.3

101.4

103.5

99.4

99.4

94.8

Italy

97.8

97.7

96.4

97.5

96.1

96.2

Cyprus

105.9

105.1

105.5

106.0

105.3

105.5

Latvia

96.9

96.5

94.9

96.2

93.6

96.3

Lithuania

105.0

101.1

101.0

98.4

102.2

99.1

Luxembourg

90.3

93.0

92.1

93.2

90.8

90.0

Hungary

101.0

101.2

98.5

99.0

97.9

101.3

Malta

108.7

105.5

108.2

113.7

103.4

105.6

Netherlands

101.0

100.0

100.1

103.6

100.0

100.8

Austria

103.6

102.2

100.4

102.7

100.8

101.3

Poland

109.7

110.5

110.1

110.3

110.8

110.8

Portugal

93.2

96.2

100.3

99.2

100.6

101.0

Romania

100.1

97.8

97.6

99.2

95.8

98.4

Slovenia

93.7

93.8

97.2

89.5

96.1

99.3

Slovakia

96.4

98.5

95.5

99.3

96.5

96.9

Finland

101.2

101.8

101.6

98.4

102.4

102.1

Sweden

100.7

102.5

101.9

103.2

103.2

102.4

Norway

88.9

99.9

102.4

103.8

106.1

101.5

Switzerland

110.5

109.2

104.0

109.8

:

:

* CSO Ireland is carrying out a review of the seasonal adjustment methodology for industrial production.

: Data not available

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (7)

Production indices for total industry, calendar adjusted

(base year 2021)

Sep-23

Oct-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Euro area

104.2

103.5

105.2

95.1

94.1

94.4

EU

105.0

105.0

106.4

96.8

95.6

96.0

Belgium

91.9

99.5

89.2

91.5

84.7

82.0

Bulgaria

101.1

107.3

102.2

105.4

93.7

93.2

Czechia

101.6

107.5

108.6

95.1

95.7

98.1

Denmark

122.5

125.2

133.6

133.8

126.7

122.5

Germany

99.3

97.7

101.5

89.3

88.1

92.8

Estonia

88.3

91.4

91.4

88.8

84.0

83.7

Ireland

135.6

116.0

136.0

116.8

105.1

71.8

Greece

106.3

109.4

103.0

106.7

100.7

105.6

Spain

103.8

105.2

106.4

92.3

100.3

104.7

France

102.1

105.7

105.0

102.4

103.4

100.1

Croatia

105.1

108.7

107.1

95.1

90.2

92.6

Italy

103.7

106.2

100.5

86.1

90.6

98.8

Cyprus

112.4

107.7

106.6

107.0

97.1

99.9

Latvia

102.2

103.1

100.8

102.1

72.6

82.3

Lithuania

106.8

107.0

105.6

98.7

98.3

93.5

Luxembourg

93.1

99.4

94.8

86.2

86.4

89.0

Hungary

109.3

105.9

103.5

89.5

92.3

101.8

Malta

114.3

110.9

109.2

100.6

98.6

99.8

Netherlands

102.7

103.4

103.4

104.1

97.2

96.9

Austria

107.8

106.8

106.4

102.8

91.2

97.0

Poland

112.9

116.5

114.5

106.6

106.1

107.5

Portugal

95.2

97.6

102.7

90.6

101.5

100.2

Romania

102.6

102.9

102.5

94.5

91.3

94.6

Slovenia

97.2

97.6

102.1

79.9

93.0

97.1

Slovakia

95.8

105.5

102.8

87.6

96.6

100.0

Finland

104.1

105.9

104.0

107.1

99.4

95.5

Sweden

102.8

110.1

108.9

105.9

101.7

101.7

Norway

82.3

104.4

107.1

109.9

115.9

100.5

Switzerland

116.7

115.6

107.6

108.2

:

:

: Data not available

Source dataset: sts_inpr_m

Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (8)

Notes for users

Revisions and timetable

Compared with data issued in the News Release of 13 March 2024, the monthly percentage change for January 2024 has been revised from -3.2% to -3.0% in the euro area and from -2.1% to -2.7% in the EU. The annual percentage change has been revised from -6.7% to -6.6% in the euro area and from -5.7% to -5.6% in the EU.

Methods and definitions

The index of industrial production measures the evolution of the volume of production for industry excluding construction, based on data adjusted for calendar and seasonal effects.

Seasonally adjusted euro area and EU series are calculated by aggregating the seasonally adjusted national data.

Total industry covers NACE rev.2 sections B to D. Missing observations from Member States for recent months are estimated for the calculation of the euro area and the EU aggregates.

Starting with reference period January 2024, the base year of the data has been changed to 2021, since 2018 the base year had been 2015. More information on the reasons for and impact of the base year change can be found in the related Statistics Explained article.

Geographical information

The euro area (EA20) includes Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.

The European Union (EU27) includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.

For more information

  • Eurostat database section on short-term business statistics

  • Statistics Explained article on the industrial production index

  • The weights of the Member States in the EU and euro area aggregates

(see file Base year 2021 weights - Euro indicators releases)

  • Euro indicators dashboard

  • Euro indicators release calendar

  • European Statistics Code of Practice

Get in touch

Media requests

Eurostat Media Support

Phone: (+352) 4301 33 408

E-mail: eurostat-mediasupport@ec.europa.eu

Further information on data

E-mail: ESTAT-STS-DATA@ec.europa.eu

Share component will be rendered here.

'; /** Retrieve the order from the tooltip option */ var sortOrder = option.tooltip.order; /** Sort the 'params' array based on the 'sortOrder' parameter. */ switch (sortOrder) { /** Sort by series name in ascending order. */ case 'seriesAsc': params = params.sort((a, b) => a.seriesName.localeCompare(b.seriesName)); break; /** Sort by series name in descending order. */ case 'seriesDesc': params = params.sort((a, b) => b.seriesName.localeCompare(a.seriesName)); break; /** Sort by numerical value in ascending order. */ case 'valueAsc': params = params.sort((a, b) => parseFloat(a.value) - parseFloat(b.value)); break; /** Sort by numerical value in descending order. */ case 'valueDesc': params = params.sort((a, b) => parseFloat(b.value) - parseFloat(a.value)); break; /** Reverse the current order. */ case 'reverse': params.reverse(); break; default: break; } /** Iterate over each series in the tooltip parameters */ for (var i = 0; i < params.length; i++) { /** Retrieve the name and value of the current series */ var seriesName = params[i].seriesName; var value = params[i].value; /** Replace every specific apostrphe by simple one. */ seriesName = seriesName.replaceAll("’", "'"); /** Convert the numeric value to its string representation. */ var strValue = String(value); /** Retrieve the axis used as value */ var axis = option.yAxis.type === 'value' ? option.yAxis : option.xAxis; /** Initialize the number of decimal places */ var decimals = option.tooltip.decimals; /** Check if decimals configuration is set to default and the value contains decimal places */ if (!decimals && strValue.indexOf('.') > -1) { /** Calculate the number of decimal places */ decimals = strValue.substring(strValue.indexOf('.'), strValue.length - 1).length; } else { /** If there are no decimal places, format the value with 1 decimal place */ decimals = decimals ? decimals : 1; /** Convert the value to a fixed-point notation string with a specified number of decimal places. */ value = Number(value).toFixed(decimals); } /** Convert -0 value to 0 with the specified or calculated number of decimal places.*/ if (Number(value) == -0) { value = (Number(value) + 0).toFixed(decimals); } /** Extract the unit from within the axis label */ var unit = axis.axisLabel.unit ? axis.axisLabel.unit : ''; /** Format the value using the appropriate number of decimal places */ value = isNaN(value) ? 'N/A' : Number(value).toLocaleString(option.lang ? option.lang : 'en', { minimumFractionDigits: decimals }) + unit; /** Retrieve the color of the current series */ const color = params[i].color; /** * Add the series name and value to the tooltip content * Use a circle icon with the series color */ tooltipContent += '

' + '' + '' + '' + seriesName + '' + '' + '' + value + '' + '

'; } /** Close the tooltip content container */ tooltipContent += '

'; /** Return the formatted tooltip content */ return tooltipContent; }}/* * This content is licensed according to the W3C Software License at * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * * File: sortable-table.js * * Desc: Adds sorting to a HTML data table that implements ARIA Authoring Practices */'use strict';class SortableTable { constructor(tableNode) { this.tableNode = tableNode; this.columnHeaders = tableNode.querySelectorAll('thead th.sortable'); this.sortColumns = []; for (var i = 0; i < this.columnHeaders.length; i++) { var ch = this.columnHeaders[i]; var buttonNode = ch.querySelector('button'); if (buttonNode) { this.sortColumns.push(i); // buttonNode.setAttribute('data-column-index', i); // buttonNode.addEventListener('click', this.handleClick.bind(this)); ch.setAttribute('data-column-index', i); ch.addEventListener('click', this.handleClick.bind(this)); } } this.optionCheckbox = document.querySelector( 'input[type="checkbox"][value="show-unsorted-icon"]' ); if (this.optionCheckbox) { this.optionCheckbox.addEventListener( 'change', this.handleOptionChange.bind(this) ); if (this.optionCheckbox.checked) { this.tableNode.classList.add('show-unsorted-icon'); } } } setColumnHeaderSort(columnIndex) { if (typeof columnIndex === 'string') { columnIndex = parseInt(columnIndex); } for (var i = 0; i < this.columnHeaders.length; i++) { var ch = this.columnHeaders[i]; var buttonNode = ch.querySelector('button'); if (i === columnIndex) { var value = ch.getAttribute('aria-sort'); if (value === 'ascending') { ch.setAttribute('aria-sort', 'descending'); this.sortColumn( columnIndex, 'descending', ch.classList.contains('num')); } else if (value === 'descending') { ch.removeAttribute('aria-sort'); this.sortColumn( columnIndex, 'initial', true ); } else { ch.setAttribute('aria-sort', 'ascending'); this.sortColumn( columnIndex, 'ascending', ch.classList.contains('num') ); } } else { if (ch.hasAttribute('aria-sort') && buttonNode) { ch.removeAttribute('aria-sort'); } } } } sortColumn(columnIndex, sortValue, isNumber) { function compareValues(a, b) { if (a.value === b.value) return 0; if (sortValue === 'descending') { return isNumber ? b.value - a.value : (a.value > b.value ? -1 : 1); } else { return isNumber ? a.value - b.value : (a.value < b.value ? -1 : 1); } } if (typeof isNumber !== 'boolean') { isNumber = false; } var tbodyNode = this.tableNode.querySelector('tbody'); var rowNodes = []; var dataCells = []; var rowNode = tbodyNode.firstElementChild; var index = 0; while (rowNode) { rowNodes.push(rowNode); var rowCells = rowNode.querySelectorAll('th, td'); var dataCell = rowCells[columnIndex]; var data = {}; data.index = index; if (sortValue !== 'initial') { data.value = dataCell.textContent.toLowerCase().trim(); } else { data.value = rowNode.getAttribute('initial-position').toLowerCase().trim(); } if (isNumber) { data.value = parseFloat(data.value); } dataCells.push(data); rowNode = rowNode.nextElementSibling; index += 1; } dataCells.sort(compareValues); // remove rows while (tbodyNode.firstChild) { tbodyNode.removeChild(tbodyNode.lastChild); } // add sorted rows for (var i = 0; i < dataCells.length; i += 1) { let pos = [dataCells[i].index]; if (sortValue === "initial") { rowNodes[pos].classList.remove("sorted"); } else { rowNodes[pos].classList.add("sorted"); } tbodyNode.appendChild(rowNodes[pos]); } } /* EVENT HANDLERS */ handleClick(event) { var tgt = event.currentTarget; this.setColumnHeaderSort(tgt.getAttribute('data-column-index')); } handleOptionChange(event) { var tgt = event.currentTarget; if (tgt.checked) { this.tableNode.classList.add('show-unsorted-icon'); } else { this.tableNode.classList.remove('show-unsorted-icon'); } }}$(document).ready(function() { load(); });;}());

Subscribe to receive the latest Eurostat Euro indicators releases

Subscribe
Industrial production up by 0.8% in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (2024)

References

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Kieth Sipes

Last Updated:

Views: 6152

Rating: 4.7 / 5 (47 voted)

Reviews: 86% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Kieth Sipes

Birthday: 2001-04-14

Address: Suite 492 62479 Champlin Loop, South Catrice, MS 57271

Phone: +9663362133320

Job: District Sales Analyst

Hobby: Digital arts, Dance, Ghost hunting, Worldbuilding, Kayaking, Table tennis, 3D printing

Introduction: My name is Kieth Sipes, I am a zany, rich, courageous, powerful, faithful, jolly, excited person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.