- Home - Other Field Guides
- Kingdom - Animals - Animalia
- Phylum - Vertebrates - Craniata
- Class - Mammals - Mammalia
- Order - Rodents - Rodentia
- Family - New World Mice / Rats / Voles - Cricetidae
- Species - Northern Grasshopper Mouse - Onychomys leucogaster
- Family - New World Mice / Rats / Voles - Cricetidae
- Order - Rodents - Rodentia
- Class - Mammals - Mammalia
- Phylum - Vertebrates - Craniata
- Kingdom - Animals - Animalia
Northern Grasshopper Mouse - Onychomys leucogaster
Image Copyright and Usage Information
Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S5
(see State Rank Reason below)
Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:
External Links
Listen to an Audio Sample
Copyright Jeff Rice, all rights reserved. Audio file courtesy of the Acoustic Atlas at Montana State University (www.acousticatlas.org)
State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
Species is apparently secure and not at risk of extirpation or facing significant threats in all or most of its range.
- Details on Status Ranking and Review
Northern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys leucogaster) Conservation Status Review
Review Date = 05/03/2018
Range Extent
ScoreG - 200,000-2,500,000 km squared (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Comment289,233 square Kilometers from Natural Heritage Program range maps
Long-term Trend
ScoreE - Relatively Stable (±25% change)
CommentHabitat is likely stable within +/- 25% since European settlement
Short-term Trend
ScoreU - Unknown. Short-term trend in population, range, area occupied, and number and condition of occurrences unknown.
CommentNo data on trends available
Threats
ScoreH - Unthreatened. Threats if any, when considered in comparison with natural fluctuation and change, are minimal or very localized, not leading to significant loss or degradation of populations or area even over a few decades’ time. (Severity, scope, and/or immediacy of threat considered Insignificant.)
CommentNo operational threats in the next 15-20 years identified
Intrinsic Vulnerability
ScoreC - Not Intrinsically Vulnerable. Species matures quickly, reproduces frequently, and/or has high fecundity such that populations recover quickly (< 5 years or 2 generations) from decreases in abundance; or species has high dispersal capability such that extirpated populations soon become reestablished through natural recolonization (unaided by humans).
CommentNot Intrinsically Vulnerable. Species matures quickly, reproduces frequently, and/or has a high fecundity such that populations recover quickly (< 5 years or 2 generations) from decreases in abundance. Species has good dispersal capabilities such that e
Environmental Specificity
ScoreD - Broad. Generalist. Broad-scale or diverse (general) habitat(s) or abiotic and/or biotic factors are used or required by the species, with all key requirements common in the generalized range of the species in the area of interest. If the preferred food(s) or breeding/nonbreeding microhabitat(s) become unavailable, the species switches to an alternative with no resulting decline in numbers of individuals or number of breeding attempts.
CommentFound in a diversity of grass and shrub dominated habitats
Raw Conservation Status Score
Score 3.5 + 0 (geographic distribution) + 0.5 (environmental specificity) + 0 (long-term trend) + 1 (threats) = 5
General Description
In Montana the female Northern Grasshopper Mouse averages significantly larger and heavier than the male. It will be approximately 5 3/4 inches in total length and 1 3/10 ounces in weight (Foresman 2012). The Northern Grasshopper Mouse changes upper fur color throughout its life history: grayish as a juvenile, buffy to reddish brown as an adult, and back to grayish in old age (Zeveloff and Collett 1988). It is white on the belly, legs and feet, and underside of the short, thick, blunt tail. It is a stocky but efficient miniature predator which makes a long, high-pitched call similar to a Gray Wolf or Coyote howl (Kritzman 1977 and Zeveloff and Collett 1988). Long curved claws on large front feet capture and hold insects, other rodents, birds, and reptiles. All of this mouse's feet have furry soles (Foresman 2012).
Species Range
Montana RangeRange Descriptions
Western Hemisphere Range
Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 155
(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version)Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density
Recency
(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)
Migration
No migration.
Habitat
Found in a wide variety of open habitats, grassland to sagebrush desert. Prefer sandy, silty soils. May construct its own burrows or usurp others. Three types of burrows: nest, retreat and defecation.
Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
- Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
How Associations Were Made
We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:- Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
- Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
- Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
- Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system,
even ifpoint observations were associated with that system. Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.
Suggested Uses and Limitations
Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.Literature Cited
- Adams, R.A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 289 p.
- Dobkin, D. S. 1992. Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34. Missoula, MT.
- Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
- Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998. Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 1302 p.
- Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32. 72 p.
- Maxell, B.A. 2000. Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1. Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana. 161 p.
- Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.
- Commonly Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
- GreatPlainsPonderosaPineWoodlandandSavanna
- GreatPlainsWoodedDrawandRavine
- MountainMahoganyWoodlandandShrubland
- RockyMountainFoothillWoodland-SteppeTransition
Grassland Systems
- GreatPlainsMixedgrassPrairie
- GreatPlainsSandPrairie
- RockyMountainLowerMontane,Foothill,andValleyGrassland
Human Land Use
- CultivatedCrops
- Developed,OpenSpace
- HighIntensityResidential
Recently Disturbed or Modified
- IntroducedUplandVegetation-AnnualandBiennialForbland
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
- BigSagebrushShrubland
- BigSagebrushSteppe
- GreatPlainsShrubland
- LowSagebrushShrubland
- MatSaltbushShrubland
- MontaneSagebrushSteppe
Sparse and Barren Systems
- ActiveandStabilizedDune
- GreatPlainsBadlands
Wetland and Riparian Systems
- EmergentMarsh
- GreasewoodFlat
- GreatPlainsClosedDepressionalWetland
- GreatPlainsOpenFreshwaterDepressionWetland
- GreatPlainsPrairiePothole
- GreatPlainsRiparian
- GreatPlainsSalineDepressionWetland
- Occasionally Associated with these Ecological Systems
Recently Disturbed or Modified
- Recentlyburnedgrassland
- Recentlyburnedshrubland
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
- MixedSaltDesertScrub
Sparse and Barren Systems
- ShaleBadland
Food Habits
A carnivorous rodent, animal matter is up to 80% of diet in spring, 60% of diet in midwinter. Cannibalism not rare. Large intestine shorter than that of most rodents. Primarily eats arthropods.
Ecology
Highly territorial. Boundaries are scent marked. Occurs at low densities intraspecific interactions aggressive. May deposit feces in shallow pits to mark territory. Males emit high pitched whistle (at night).
Reproductive Characteristics
Young are weaned within about 3 weeks. Male helps raise the young. The young play like puppies. First litter of year, gestation period 26 to 37 days, later litters 32 to 47 days.
References
- Literature Cited AboveLegend:
ViewOnlinePublication- Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
- Kritzman, E.B. 1977. Little mammals of the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Search Press, Seattle, WA.
- Zeveloff, S.I. and F.R. Collett. 1988. Mammals of the Intermountain west. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Additional ReferencesLegend:ViewOnlinePublication
Do you know of a citation we're missing?- Allen, K.L., T. Weaver, and D. Flath. 1994. Small mammals in Northern Rocky Mountain ecosystems. Unpubl. report to Bureau of Land Management and United States Forest Service, August 31, 1994. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 54 pp.
- Bachen, D.A. 2014. Cheatgrass invasion of sagebrush steppe: Impacts of vegetation structure on small mammals. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 96 p.
- Bailey, V., and C.C. Sperry. 1929. Life history and habits of the grasshopper mice, genus Onychomys. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 145:1-19.
- Bauer, Delane, 2002, 2002 Four Seasons Wildlife Study. Savage Mine Report, Richland County, Montana.
- Bramblett, R.G., and A.V. Zale. 2002. Montana Prairie Riparian Native Species Report. Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Montana State University - Bozeman.
- Buck, C.L. 1939. Pattern correlation of mammalian teeth as a means of identification. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 55 p.
- Clark, S.G. and M.R. Stromberg. 1987. Mammals in Wyoming. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Public Education Series Number 10. xii + 314 pp.
- Dames & Moore. 1975. Interim report environmental baseline studies for Crow Indian coal leases: known as Tract II and Tract III, Westmoreland Resources, Sarpy Creek Basin, Big Horn County, Montana. Billings, Mont.
- Foresman, K.R. 2001. The wild mammals of Montana. American Society of Mammalogists, Special Publication Number 12. Lawrence, KS. 278 pp.
- Geppert, T. J. 1984. Small mammals of the Shield Trap, East Pryor Mountain, Montana. M.S. thesis. University of Iowa, Iowa City. 45 pp.
- Gniadek, S. 1983. Southwest Glendive Wildlife Baseline Inventory. Miles City, Mont: Bureau of Land Management, Miles City District Office. 56 pp with appendices.
- Hanauska-Brown, L., B.A. Maxell, A. Petersen, and S. Story. 2014. Diversity Monitoring in Montana 2008-2010 Final Report. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Helena, MT. 78 pp.
- Hoffmann, R.S. and D.L. Pattie. 1968. A guide to Montana mammals: identification, habitat, distribution, and abundance. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 133 p.
- Jones, J.K., D.M. Armstrong, R.S. Hoffmann and C. Jones. 1983. Mammals of the northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 379 pp.
- Joslin, Gayle, and Heidi B. Youmans. 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review for Montana. [Montana]: Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society.
- Knowles, C. J. 1986. The mouse that roars. Montana Outdoors 17(3):24-26.
- Martin, P.R., K. Dubois and H.B. Youmans. 1981. Terrestrial wildlife inventory in selected coal areas, Powder River resources area final report. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and Bureau of Land Management, Helena, MT. No. YA-553-CTO- 24. 288 p.
- Matthews, W.L. 1980a. Wibaux-Beach comparison study: Sydney, Glendive and Plevna Study Areas. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 50 p.
- Matthews, W.L. 1981. Broadus-Pumpkin Creek baseline inventory - wildlife. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 83 p.
- McCarty, R. 1978. Onychomys leucogaster. Mammalian Species 87:1-6.
- Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 2000, Spring Creek Mine 2000 Wildlife Monitoring. March 2000.
- Reid, F. 2006. Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston and New York, 608 pp.
- Riddle, B.R., and J.R. Choate. 1986. Systematics and biogeography of Onychomys leucogaster in western North America. Journal of Mammalogy 67:233-255.
- Scow, K.L. 1981. Ecological distribution of small mammals at Sarpy Creek, Montana, with special consideration of the Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 73 p.
- Trout, R.G. 1978. Small mammal abundance and distribution in the Missouri River Breaks, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 64 p.
- Tschache, O.P. 1970. Effects of ecological changes induced by various sagebrush control techniques on small mammal populations. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 51 p.
- Western Technology & Engineering, Inc. (WESTECH)., 1991, 1991 Bull Mountains Mine No. 1 Terrestrial Wildlife Monitoring Study. In Meridian Minerals Company Bull Mountains Mine No. 1 Permit Application, Musselshell County, Montana. Vol. 7 of 14: Section 26
- Web Search Engines for Articles on "Northern Grasshopper Mouse"
- Additional Sources of Information Related to "Mammals"
- American Society of Mammalogists
- Bat Conservation International
- Bats of Alberta
- Beaver Institute (research, management, education)
- Beavers Northwest (conflict resolution, conservation, education)
- Identification Manual to the Small Mammals of British Columbia
- Mammal Species of the World
- Mammals of Montana by Kerry R. Foresman
- Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society
- Montana Department of Agriculture Vertebrate Pest Bulletins
- MOTUS Wildlife Tracking System through automated telemetry
- Natural Heritage MapViewer (Statewide Database of Animal Observations)
- Revised Checklist of North American Mammals North of Mexico
- Species Accounts for Mammals of the World
- USGS White-Nose Syndrome in Bats
- VertNet - Vertebrate Collections Network
- Western Bat Working Group
- White-Nose Syndrome in Bats
- American Society of Mammalogists
ViewOnlinePublication
Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.LoginLogout
